Title: EVOLUTION OF ELECTRICAL POWER PROTECTION AND CONTROL
Author: Désiré Dauphin Rasolomampionona
Affiliation: Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Abstract: This lecture is devoted to the general evolution of power system protections during the last few decades. A short history of protective relaying is presented at the beginning. Then, a systematic review of the improvements made to the protection technology is presented in the next part of the lecture. A particular emphasis was placed in the passage from mechanical, to solid state and modern protective technologies based on telecommunication applications protective relaying, the beginning of which is the very old differential relay systems and pilot relays. Then, the concept of adaptive relaying and its possibility of implementation is presented by showing the different solutions proposed by different authors. The next part of the lecture is devoted to implementing Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control, which was made possible thanks to introducing phasor technology in protection technology. Finally, a general presentation of microgrids and the impact of their implementation on the protection philosophy is presented step by step. An extensive presentation of this technology is given in the first subsection of this part, and then the changes to be made to the protective relaying technology are given in the next subsection. An extensive conclusion of the whole subjects presented is given at the end of the presentation.
Title: DIAGNOSIS OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES BY MAGNETIC FIELD ANALYSIS: PRINCIPLES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Remus PUSCA 1, Mouad TALBAOUI 1, Younes AZZOUG 1, Sebastien RAMEL 2, Eric LEFEVRE 2, Raphael ROMARY 1
Affiliation: 1 Univ. Artois, UR 4025, Laboratoire Systèmes Electrotechniques et Environnement (LSEE); 2 Univ. Artois, UR 3926, Laboratoire de Génie Informatique et d’Automatique de l’Artois (LGI2A), Béthune, France
Abstract:
The reliability and performance of electrical machines are crucial aspects for many industrial applications. Early fault detection is essential to prevent unexpected failures and optimize maintenance plans. To address these concerns, magnetic field diagnosis is a promising technology as it offers numerous advantages, such as the ability to monitor machines in real time, easy integration into existing monitoring and maintenance infrastructures, and the ability to identify faults at an early level, thus reducing downtime and maintenance costs.
This lecture presents the use of stray magnetic fields as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for rotating electrical machines. It details the underlying principles, the challenges encountered, and recent advancements in data analysis techniques. We examine the fundamentals of magnetic field diagnostics, demonstrating how variations in the stray field can indicate inter-turn short circuit faults in stator windings. Through case studies and experimental results, we illustrate the method’s effectiveness in detecting faults across various machine configurations. The integration of machine learning and AI algorithms emerges as a promising solution for enhancing this method and embedding it into comprehensive predictive maintenance systems.
Title: ELECTRONIC COMPONENT QUALIFICATION FOR THE AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Author: Nicolae GROSS
Affiliation: Continental Automotive Systems, Sibiu, Romania
Abstract: The electrical and electronic systems in modern vehicles are complex and employ an increasing number of electronic modules, sensors, actuators, and their related interfaces. The increased complexity also leads to a higher risk of failure, both random and systematic defects. One of the measures to improve safety, respectively to reduce the risk of failure, is the use of electronic components qualified for use in the automotive harsh environment. In this regard, the AEC-Qxxx documents have been established by the AEC (Automotive Electronic Council) Technical Committee. These documents define the electronic component qualification requirements, to be used by the component manufacturers. Also, they include various guidelines and test methods.
In this lecture we will go together through the main phases of the qualification of electronic components for the automotive industry – document structures per categories – integrated circuits, discrete semiconductors, optoelectronics, sensors, and passive components. For each component type, the corresponding AEC-Qxxx document defines a set of failure mechanism based stress tests, and provides the qualification requirements.
Title: MODERN APPROACHES IN LIGHTING: THE LED ERA
Author: Dorin D. Lucache, Elena Serea
Affiliation: Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, Romania
Abstract: It has been found in recent years, both empirically and scientifically, that artificial light produces certain changes on living organisms (humans, plants, animals), under conditions of improper exposure. As lighting (environmental, residential, artificial, display, architectural, industrial) is indispensable to modern life, the question arises: can this exposure be limited or adapted? Given that urban development tends to be vertical, and future smart buildings must include all the elements of the classic environment, artificial lighting will be not only a utility, but also an element of aesthetics and comfort. Vertical urbanism, from underground to the clouds, has to concentrate homes, offices, shops, restaurants, parks, even streets, with obvious benefits for working people, for the environment that can regenerate around. These aspects also pay special attention to the side effects, regarding artificial lighting. The increase of urban concentration also brings the increase of intensive lighting, implicitly to light pollution (in any of its form – urban sky glow, light trespass, glare, over-illumination, clutter).
The latest advances in photobiological science led to discoveries that will impose changes in lighting recommendations, in both medical and technical fields. According to the new approach and principles of healthy lighting, the sources with a dominant wavelength in the interval (450-480, 500) nm, present the higher values of circadian efficiency. In circadian terms, the melanopic lux is the photometric measure characterizing how the retinal photoreceptors (melanopsin-containing cells) which provide the major input to the circadian pacemaker react to light. It has been demonstrated that blue light can reduce drowsiness (so increase readiness), being proper for the ambient lighting during the day, but blue with minimum brightness as at half brightness it provides high quantal irradiance value. Here must be considered that humans are also spending day and night a lot of time using IT devices that emit blue light. In the corresponding range of the electromagnetic spectrum blue light has a lot of energy (3.10 eV) at which our biological system is really sensitive to. These considerations serve as assumptions for designing a healthy lighting system for educational spaces, residencies and offices, where light exposure is long, averaging 8 hours a day. In opposition, the red light has low dose response and is less actinic, with no differences at eye photoreceptors for half and minimum brightness. Therefore warm, reddish light can be intended for recreational and environmental spaces, or for night ambient scenes.