Category Archives: Fără categorie

Improving Efficiency of DWT Analysis through Faster Interpolation Methods and Multithreading Techniques

Abstract 

The paper deals with techniques to accelerate the DWT power quality analysis. A brief description of a non-spline interpolation schematic is provided firstly. It is used for the evaluation of the first components near the right border of the signal. Comparisons were made between power quality indices, shape of details waveforms and runtimes, considering data acquired on stand, corresponding to a driving system using chopper and DC motor and respectively waveforms acquired from the secondary winding of the excitation system used to supply a generator. FFT and 3 distinct original functions were used for comparison. Similar results were generated by all methods. The spline-free interpolation technique, which used mean slopes, proved to be a better option when the analyzed signal’s periodicity is questionable, because it exhibited halved runtimes as compared to the spline interpolation technique. Two multithreading techniques, relying on a horizontal and respectively on an interleaved schematic, were afterward analyzed considering their performances relative to the DWT decomposition and respectively re-composition of single-phase currents or voltages. The analyzed filters had different lengths: 4, 6 and 8. 10 sets of 300 consecutive decompositions of signals consisting in 36864 samples were used as input data. Our Java programs implementing the horizontal technique revealed the diminishing of runtimes for all analyzed filters during the decompositions by 16%…23%, the technique being more efficient for shorter filters. Another multi-threading technique, relying on an interleaving schematic, was considered for the reconstruction of signals. It proved to be non-effective, revealing increases of runtimes in the range 19%…23%. Similar results were obtained with the horizontal technique. Finally a multithreading technique, relying on a vertical schematic is presented. Using it, savings of 45% of runtimes were revealed by tests made on three-phase systems.

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Experimental Evaluation of Induction Heating Systems with Phase-Shift Voltage Resonant Inverter

Abstract 

This paper is devoted to the synthesis of the power control loop for a single-phase resonant inverter controlled by phase shift and used in an induction heating system. It starts from the assumption that, if the inverter control frequency is close to the resonance frequency of the assembly consisting of the compensation capacitor, inductor and heating piece, the current supplied by the inverter contains almost only the active component that determines directly the power transmitted to the inductor. After establishing the structural scheme and highlighting the transfer function, a PI controller is adopted for the control of the current through the inverter. The inverter active current is achieved by a Proportional-Integral controller tuned in accordance with the Modulus Optimum criterion in Kessler variant. Next, different experimental tests are presented in order to determine the performances of the induction heating system. The objectives of the tests were: the verification of the proper operation of the current through inverter control loop, the achievement of zero-current switching, the  control of the power transmitted to the load by adjusting the inverter frequency and the determining the efficiency of the  converter-inductor-pipe system. images

Magneto-Thermal Model for Crimped Connections

Abstract 

In this paper numerical results coresponding to thermal regime of two types of superposed crimped connections has been obtained. The samples studied use copper wire crimped by two methods: the first method uses one crimp indents and the second method is with two crimp indents. The ferrule is a parallel one type. A 2D model of crimped connections has been created in QuickField Professional to obtain the numerical results. For obtaining temperature values, a coupled problem AC Magnetics – Steady-State Heat Transfer was solved. Numerical simulations were made considering the next values for electrical current intensity: 510 A,  682 A, 855 A, until the steady state regime is established. First, the AC Magnetics problem was solved to obtain the specific Joule heat. Then, the source term was imported in steady state heat transfer problem to solve it. Joule Heat and temperature values are presented and discussed. An important parameter in numerical simulations is heat transfer coefficient which depends on overtemperature. Knowing heat transfer coefficient law and using in numerical simulation can be obtained the real numerical temperature values. The temperature dependence of global heat transfer coefficient has been taking into account into numerical simulations. Finally, obtained numerical results are discussed and proposals are made. images

Control of a Single-Phase Active Filter Using Triangular Carrier and Hysteresis Switching in MATLAB/Simulink

Abstract 

The paper deals with MATLAB/Simulink models of single-phase active filters used for reducing the harmonic level and electromagnetic interference and to get compliance with the power quality standards. Four cases are modeled and studied in order to design and tune the best configuration for the active filter. Two of them are determined by the configuration of the load, which consists of a single-phase rectifier which feeds a resistive load, having a capacitive dc filter as a first setup and an inductive dc filter as the second setup. The single-phase active filtering system is based on a single-phase Voltage Source IGBT inverter with dc-link capacitor and a complete current control system that uses two different pulse-width modulation techniques. The two switching techniques, triangular carrier and hysteresis, determine the third and the fourth cases. The power quality and the existing standards are discussed, including the disturbances in a power system for a single-phase rectifier. The harmonics, how they are generated, and what problems they may introduce in the power system, are presented. The reference current for the power active filter is generated by the means of a resonant sinusoidal signal integrator filter implemented with a transfer function block. All simulations performed in MATLAB/Simulink validate the theoretical considerations but not all of them reveal a good agreement with the existing standards. The sinusoidal signal integrator integral coefficient it’s tuned in order to obtain a good compromise between grid THD current and transient response to load change. The results are interpreted and centralized so they can be useful in possible hardware implementation.

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Power Control Assessment in Induction Heating Systems with Voltage Source Inverter and Resonant L-LC Load

Abstract 

The attention in this paper is directed to the power control in an induction heating system for seamless pipes consisting of a single-phase voltage source inverter with L-LC resonant load supplied by a three-phase full controlled bridge rectifier. The maximal power transfer from the inverter output to the work piece is ensured by the proper design of the matching inductor. The power control is achieved through the inverter output current by making use of a Proportional-Integrator-Derivative controller designed according to the Modulus Optimum criterion in Kessler variant. An experimental platform based on dSPACE DS1103 control board is used for the practical implementation of the control system. It works together with Matlab/Simulink environment and the conceived graphical user interface allows interacting with the experiment. The experimental setup of the induction heating system is presented and the assessment of the control system performance under different tests is performed. Depending on the prescribed value of the inverter output current and the imposed operating frequency, different situations may occur. The possibilities of diminishing the switching losses through zero-current switching and of increasing the power when the operating frequency is over the resonance value are also pointed out. All the results illustrate the proper operation and good performance of the control system. images

Application of Two Direct Optimization Methods on a SMES Device by DOE and FEM: Method by Zooms and Method by Slidings of Plans

Abstract 

The Design of Experiments (DOE) applied to electrical systems modeled by the finite element method (FEM) has become a useful strategy to solve many optimization problems. In this paper, two direct optimization methods by DOE and 2-D FEM were applied on a Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) device with modular toroid coil, in order to optimize its storage capacity: the method by zooms without computation of models and the method by slidings of plans without computation of models. Two parameters that characterize the geometric torus shape were chosen to minimize the volume of the superconducting material with a maximum stored magnetic energy: the coil inner diameter ratio and the coil thickness ratio. The 2-D FEM implementation uses an equivalent rectangular cross section toroid, conserving the inductance of the system. The optimization results by the two methods are obtained with less than 2% error of objective function value and they are comparable between them and better than previous approximate values determined by simple numerical tests. images

Utilization of Phase Margin for Analyzing Stability of Asynchronous Motors Supplied by Frequency Converters

Abstract 

This paper analyzes a few aspects regarding the dynamic regime operation of the asynchronous motors supplied by variable frequency. The starting point is the conclusion that the stability is a quantitative feature of systems associated to their dynamic behaviour and that has imposed a method for the stability analysis, presented in this paper. The method has as a starting point the mathematical model of the motor written in per unit values. This model has been processed with the help of the Laplace transform. There has been obtained a block scheme with negative reaction which has been used for carrying out a Matlab program for stability analysis. With the help of the program there have been obtained some amplitude-pulsation, phase–pulsation, amplitude-phase characteristics and some hodographs corresponding to a low power asynchronous motor. Comparing the characteristics obtained when some motor parameters have been modified, the conclusions detailed in the final part of the paper have resulted. The notion of phase margin has had a special place for finalizing the analysis. This quantity shows the stability reserve of the machine until the stability limit is reached. The simulations have shown that the phase margin increases when the stator resistance value increases. On the other hand, when the rotor resistance value decreases, the phase margin decreases. images

The Synchronous Fundamental dq Frame Theory Application for the Active Filtering

Abstract 

 

One of the methods that have been used for the analysis of three phase systems is the rotating fundamental dq frame. Although it was especially used for the analysis of three phase machines, because it is a time domain method is also suitable for the compensating current computation in the active filtering. In fact, it was already been used for the computation of the current fundamental, and if desired, for the computation of some of the upper harmonics. This way the compensator could eliminate from the power grid current all or some of the harmonic content. But this is also, the limitation of this method, because it cannot intrinsically obtain the compensation of reactive power. This is because this method refers to currents and not powers so the reactive power is not defined. At the same time and for the same reasons, it could not obtain the compensated current to have the same shape as the grid voltage. If the compensation goal includes the reactive current compensation, this method must be adapted to compute beside the load current fundamental, the active component of the load current fundamental. Another adaptation of this method is the unity power factor compensation, which implies that the compensated current has the same shape and phase with the grid voltage, so the active power is transported not only on the voltage fundamental, but also on the voltage harmonics. images

Structure and Properties of Polyethylene-Based Magnetic Composites

Abstract 

Magnetic polymer composite materials have very good rheological (that are characteristic for polymers used as matrix) and magnetic properties superior to those of polymers (due to their magnetic filler) making them useful in many power applications (electromagnetic shielding, permanent magnets etc.). In this paper the results of an experimental study regarding the manufacture and characterization of some composites which have low density polyethylene (LDPE) as matrix and neodymium (Nd) and neodymium-iron-boron (Nd-Fe-B) as filler are presented. The manufacture process (with mass content between 0 and 15 %) and their structure (obtained by electronic and optical microscopy) are presented. It is shown that the samples are inhomogeneous and isotropic and the filler particles form clusters of variable dimensions and distances between them. The rheological behavior of composites was analyzed and more rapid melting was observed for composites compared to neat polyethyleneThen, the first magnetization cycles obtained on neodymium (A) and neodymium-iron-boron (B) samples for three mass concentrations (5, 10 and 15 %) are presented. It is shown for both samples type (A and B) that the hysteresis area cycles and the hysteresis losses increase with filler content being greater for samples B than A. It is shown, also, that the magnetic permeability values increase with filler content, but decrease very quickly with the magnetic field strength. images

Effect Assessment of TCSC on Algerian Transmission Line Protected by IDMT Directional Overcurrent Relay

Abstract 

 

The paper presents the effect of apparent reactance and injected voltage by series Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) i.e. Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) on transmission line high voltage protected by an Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) Directional Overcurrent Relay (DOCR) based International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standard characteristic curve. The DOCR is used to protect a 400kV transmission line of the Algerian transmission power systems which belong to the Algerian Company of Electrical. The effects of TCSC on protected transmission line parameters (reactance and resistance) as well as fault current and operation time of the DOCR in the presence of phase to earth fault with fault resistance for three cases study is investigated. images